But the Earth is wider along the equator than between the poles. Therefore a better approximation to the shape of the Earth is a spheroid, also called ellipsoid, an ellipse rotated about its minor axis. The geoid is an even closer approximation of the Earth than a spheroid.
Why is the datum important in GIS? A datum is important in GIS because it serves as the reference or base for calculating the geographic coordinates of a location.
Describe two common datums used in the United States. The first common datum used in the United States is NAD27 North American Datum of , which is a local datum based on the Clarke ellipsoid, a ground-measured spheroid. Pick up a USGS quadrangle map of your area. Examine the information on the map margin. How many continuously operating reference stations do you have in your state? Use the links at the website to learn more about CORS. The CORS system enables positioning accuracies that approach a few centimeters relative to the National Spatial Reference System, both horizontally and vertically.
Explain the importance of map projection. A map projection offers a couple of advantages. First, a map projection allows us to use two-dimensional maps, either paper or digital, instead of a globe. Second, a map projection allows us to work with plane or projected coordinates rather than longitude and latitude values. Computations with geographic coordinates are more complex.
Describe the four types of map projections by the preserved property. A conformal projection preserves local angles and shapes. An equivalent projection represents areas in correct relative size. An equidistant projection maintains consistency of scale along certain lines. And an azimuthal projection retains certain accurate directions. Describe the three types of map projections by the projection or developable surface.
A cylindrical projection uses a cylinder as the projection or developable surface, a conic projection uses a cone, and an azimuthal projection uses a plane. Explain the difference between the standard line and the central line.
A standard line refers to the line of tangency between the projection surface and the reference globe. In other words, there is no projection distortion along a standard line. The central lines i. How is the scale factor related to the principal scale? The scale factor is defined as the ratio of the local scale to the principal scale.
In other words, the scale factor is the normalized local scale. Name two commonly used projected coordinate systems that are based on the transverse Mercator projection. Google the GIS data clearinghouse for your state. Go to the clearinghouse website. Does the website use a common coordinate system for the statewide data sets?
If so, what is the coordinate system? What are the parameters values for the coordinate system? Explain how a UTM zone is defined in terms of its central meridian, standard meridian, and scale factor. A UTM zone is mapped onto a secant case transverse Mercator projection, with a scale factor of 0. The standard meridians are kilometers to the east and west of the central meridian. Which UTM zone are you in? Where is the central meridian of the UTM zone?
It may also be available in the download information of the clearinghouse for your area. Figure 2. How many SPC zones does your state have? What map projections are the SPC zones based on?
Describe how on-the-fly projection works. A GIS package, if it offers on-the-fly projection, can use the projection files available with the data sets and automatically convert the data sets to a common coordinate system. This common coordinate system is by default the coordinate system of the first data set in display.
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